9.1 什么是 collocation
Collocation（搭配）指的是英语中"经常一起出现"的词组。比如：
strong tea √ 母语者会说
powerful tea × 语法对，但不自然
heavy rain √ 母语者会说
strong rain × 语法对，但不自然Collocation 是英语地道度的核心。语法可以靠规则推，但搭配不能——它必须靠记忆 + 反复输入固化在脑子里。中国学习者常被吐槽"听起来怪怪的"，多半不是语法错，而是 collocation 不对。
本章按四个维度展开：make / do / take / have / get 这五大动词的高频搭配、动词 + 介词、形容词 + 介词、名词 + 动词的常见组合。
9.2 make 的 30 个搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| make a decision | 做决定 | make a choice | 做选择 |
| make a mistake | 犯错 | make an effort | 努力 |
| make progress | 取得进展 | make sense | 有道理 |
| make money | 赚钱 | make a difference | 带来改变 |
| make a phone call | 打电话 | make plans | 制定计划 |
| make an appointment | 预约 | make a reservation | 预订 |
| make a suggestion | 提建议 | make a comment | 发表评论 |
| make a noise | 制造噪音 | make a mess | 弄乱 |
| make friends | 交朋友 | make peace | 讲和 |
| make a promise | 承诺 | make an excuse | 找借口 |
| make a living | 谋生 | make a fortune | 发大财 |
| make a bed | 整理床铺 | make breakfast / dinner | 做早/晚餐 |
| make sure | 确保 | make up your mind | 下定决心 |
| make an impression | 留下印象 | make a fool of sb | 让某人出丑 |
| make eye contact | 眼神接触 | make a fuss | 大惊小怪 |
9.3 do 的 25 个搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| do homework | 做作业 | do business | 做生意 |
| do the dishes | 洗碗 | do the laundry | 洗衣服 |
| do the cleaning | 打扫 | do the shopping | 购物 |
| do exercise | 锻炼 | do yoga / sports | 做瑜伽/运动 |
| do research | 做研究 | do an experiment | 做实验 |
| do a favor | 帮忙 | do harm | 造成伤害 |
| do good | 做好事 | do damage | 造成损害 |
| do justice | 公正对待 | do one's best | 尽力 |
| do a job | 做一份工作 | do work | 工作 |
| do well / badly | 表现好/差 | do without | 没有也行 |
| do nothing | 什么都不做 | do something | 做点事 |
| do an interview | 做采访 | do a project | 做项目 |
| do the math | 算数 | — | — |
make vs do 的核心差异
大致规律：make 偏向"创造、产生（结果）"——make a cake / make a decision；do 偏向"执行、完成（动作）"——do homework / do the dishes。但不少搭配是固定的，必须靠记。一个简单测试：能用 create / produce 替换的多半用 make；能用 perform / execute 替换的多半用 do。
9.4 take 的 25 个搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| take a bus / train / taxi | 乘坐 | take a flight | 乘飞机 |
| take a shower / bath | 洗澡 | take a nap | 小睡 |
| take a walk | 散步 | take a break | 休息 |
| take a seat | 坐下 | take a look | 看一看 |
| take a photo / picture | 拍照 | take notes | 做笔记 |
| take an exam / test | 参加考试 | take a class / course | 上课 |
| take time | 花时间 | take care of | 照顾 |
| take risk(s) | 冒险 | take responsibility | 承担责任 |
| take advantage of | 利用 | take part in | 参加 |
| take medicine | 吃药 | take a deep breath | 深呼吸 |
| take place | 发生 | take action | 采取行动 |
| take notice | 注意到 | take it easy | 放轻松 |
| take turns | 轮流 | — | — |
9.5 have 的 25 个搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| have breakfast / lunch / dinner | 吃早/午/晚餐 | have a meal | 吃饭 |
| have a drink | 喝一杯 | have coffee / tea | 喝咖啡/茶 |
| have a meeting | 开会 | have a conversation | 对话 |
| have a discussion | 讨论 | have an argument | 争论 |
| have a baby | 生孩子 | have a party | 办派对 |
| have fun | 玩得开心 | have a good time | 过得愉快 |
| have a problem | 有问题 | have an idea | 有主意 |
| have a chance | 有机会 | have a choice | 有选择 |
| have a cold / fever / headache | 感冒/发烧/头痛 | have a feeling | 有感觉 |
| have a look | 看一下 | have an effect on | 对……有影响 |
| have access to | 能够获取 | have time | 有时间 |
| have an opportunity | 有机会 | have an experience | 有经历 |
| have a relationship | 有恋爱关系 | — | — |
9.6 get 的 30 个搭配（最广义）
| 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| get a job / salary / promotion | 找到工作/工资/升职 |
| get married / divorced | 结婚/离婚 |
| get angry / upset / nervous | 变得生气/沮丧/紧张 |
| get tired / hungry / thirsty | 变得疲倦/饿/渴 |
| get sick / better / worse | 生病/好转/恶化 |
| get up / down / off | 起床/下来/下车 |
| get on / in | 上车（公车 on，小车 in） |
| get back / home | 回来/到家 |
| get lost | 迷路 |
| get ready / dressed | 准备好/穿衣 |
| get used to | 习惯于 |
| get rid of | 摆脱 |
| get along with | 相处 |
| get over | 克服 |
| get through | 度过 |
| get into / out of | 陷入/摆脱 |
| get away | 离开；逃脱 |
| get an email / letter / message | 收到邮件/信/消息 |
| get a call / text | 接到电话/短信 |
| get an idea | 想到 |
| get the joke | 听懂笑话 |
| get a chance | 得到机会 |
| get permission | 获得允许 |
| get help | 获得帮助 |
| get directions | 问路 |
| get information | 获取信息 |
| get a haircut | 剪头发 |
| get a tan | 晒黑 |
| get pregnant | 怀孕 |
| get to know sb | 逐渐认识某人 |
9.7 动词 + 介词的 25 个固定搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| depend on | 取决于；依赖 |
| rely on | 依靠 |
| focus on | 专注于 |
| concentrate on | 专心于 |
| insist on | 坚持 |
| decide on | 决定（具体方案） |
| consist of | 由……组成 |
| approve of | 赞成 |
| think of / about | 想到/考虑 |
| complain about | 抱怨 |
| apologize for | 为……道歉 |
| pay for | 为……付钱 |
| care for / about | 关心 |
| apply for | 申请 |
| wait for | 等待 |
| look for | 寻找 |
| look after | 照顾 |
| look forward to | 期待 |
| deal with | 处理 |
| cope with | 应付 |
| agree with sb / on sth | 同意 |
| argue with sb / about sth | 争论 |
| belong to | 属于 |
| refer to | 提到；指代 |
| contribute to | 贡献于 |
9.8 形容词 + 介词的 25 个搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| good at | 擅长 |
| bad at | 不擅长 |
| interested in | 对……感兴趣 |
| excited about | 对……兴奋 |
| worried about | 担心 |
| nervous about | 紧张 |
| afraid of | 害怕 |
| scared of | 害怕 |
| fond of | 喜欢（书面） |
| tired of | 厌倦 |
| aware of | 意识到 |
| capable of | 有能力 |
| famous for | 因……出名 |
| known for | 以……闻名 |
| responsible for | 对……负责 |
| sorry for / about | 遗憾/对不起 |
| grateful for | 感激 |
| satisfied with | 对……满意 |
| happy with | 对……满意 |
| pleased with | 对……满意 |
| familiar with | 熟悉 |
| similar to | 类似于 |
| different from | 不同于 |
| addicted to | 沉迷于 |
| accustomed to | 习惯于 |
9.9 名词 + 动词的"自然组合"
一些名词常常和特定动词搭配，单独看每个词都简单，但组合错了就听起来奇怪：
| 名词 | 常见动词搭配 |
|---|---|
| research | conduct / carry out / do research |
| experiment | conduct / perform / run an experiment |
| decision | make / reach / come to a decision |
| conclusion | draw / reach / come to a conclusion |
| suggestion | make / offer / accept / reject a suggestion |
| question | ask / answer / raise / pose a question |
| problem | solve / address / face / cause a problem |
| goal | set / reach / achieve / pursue a goal |
| opportunity | have / take / miss / seize an opportunity |
| impression | make / give / leave an impression |
| noise | make / cause noise（不是 produce） |
| law | break / obey / pass / enforce a law |
| promise | make / keep / break a promise |
| price | pay / charge / set / raise / cut the price |
| time | spend / waste / save / kill time |
| money | earn / spend / save / waste / borrow / lend money |
| trip | take / go on / plan / cancel a trip |
| risk | take / run / pose / minimize a risk |
| argument | have / win / lose / settle an argument |
| attention | pay / draw / get attention |
9.10 强弱搭配的对照
"形容词 + 名词"也有自然组合。错的搭配显得怪异：
| 名词 | 地道搭配（强烈） | 错误搭配 |
|---|---|---|
| rain | heavy rain | strong rain × |
| wind | strong wind | heavy wind ×（口语偶见） |
| tea / coffee | strong tea / coffee | powerful tea × |
| traffic | heavy traffic | strong traffic × |
| argument | strong argument | heavy argument × |
| chance | good chance / slim chance | strong chance × |
| desire | strong desire | — |
| smoker | heavy smoker | — |
| sleeper | heavy / light sleeper | — |
| fight | fierce fight | — |
学习方法
收藏一份 collocation 词典，比如 Oxford Collocations Dictionary 或在线的 OZDIC。每次遇到新名词，去查它有哪些常见搭配。背词时把 1-2 个搭配一起背，10 天后你会发现"看似新词"已经长出"自然的联想"。
章末小结
3000 词学完，能不能"说得地道"，全看 collocation。这一章把 make/do/take/have/get 五大动词、动词+介词、形容词+介词、名词+动词全部铺开。下一章是收尾——方法论：怎么把这一切真正变成长期记忆。